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Hyperactivity is a term that is cropping up more and more frequently in discussions about the mental health of children, young people and adults. It is sometimes equated solely with an excess of energy, but in reality it is a far more complex phenomenon.
It can affect emotions, behaviour, concentration and day-to-day functioning at home, at school and at work. In this article, we explain what hyperactivity is, what its symptoms and causes are, and how to deal effectively with its consequences.
What is hyperactivity?
Hyperactivity is a state of heightened reactivity of the nervous system. This means that a person reacts more quickly and intensely to external and internal stimuli.
It may relate to the motor, emotional or cognitive spheres, and often encompasses all these areas at the same time.
In common parlance, hyperactivity is mainly associated with children, but it can also occur in adolescents and adults. For some people, it is a temperamental trait; for others, it is a feature of neurodevelopmental disorders or a consequence of chronic stress.
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Symptoms of hyperactivity
Symptoms of hyperactivity can vary depending on age, life circumstances and individual predispositions. They are most commonly observed in three areas.
Hyperactivity
In this regard, the following may arise:
- difficulty sitting still,
- a constant need to move, fidgeting,
- impulsive actions without considering the consequences,
- a fast pace of work, often at the expense of accuracy.
Emotional hyperactivity
It manifests itself, amongst other things, through:
- violent emotional reactions,
- difficulties in regulating emotions,
- low tolerance for frustration,
- rapid shifts from joy to anger or sadness.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
In this area, the following may occur:
- difficulties concentrating,
- a flood of thoughts, difficulty in ‘calming’ them down,
- easily distracted by stimuli,
- difficulties in planning and organising activities.
Causes of hyperactivity
The causes of hyperactivity are multifactorial and often overlap.
Biological factors
Biological factors include, amongst others:
- temperamental traits,
- the functioning of the nervous system,
- genetic factors,
- neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ADHD.
Psychological factors
Hyperactivity may be associated with:
- chronic stress,
- excessive demands,
- emotional difficulties,
- an inability to regulate blood pressure.
Environmental factors
The following are also important:
- sensory overload (noise, screens, the pace of life),
- a lack of a fixed routine and predictability,
- irregular sleep,
- insufficient rest.
How does hyperactivity affect everyday life?
Hyperactivity can make it difficult to function in various areas of life. In children, it often affects their learning and relationships with peers. In adults, it can lead to problems at work, difficulties in relationships and chronic mental fatigue. If left untreated or misunderstood, hyperactivity can be a source of low self-esteem and frustration.
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Ways of coping with hyperactivity
Effectively managing hyperactivity requires an individualised approach and often a combination of several strategies.
Psychoeducation and self-awareness
Understanding your own reactions and the mechanisms behind hyperactivity is the first step towards change. Being aware of what overstimulates us allows us to plan our day more effectively and avoid becoming overwhelmed.
Structure and routine
A fixed daily routine, predictability and clearly defined rules help to reduce stress and chaos. A routine provides a sense of security and makes it easier to manage one’s emotions.
Physical activity
Regular exercise helps to burn off excess energy and reduce stress levels. It’s a good idea to choose forms of exercise that suit your age and preferences.
Relaxation techniques
Breathing exercises, mindfulness training, muscle relaxation and short restorative breaks all help to calm the nervous system.
Support from a specialist
If the difficulties become severe, it is worth seeking help from a psychologist or psychiatrist. Psychological therapy can help you learn to regulate your emotions, improve your concentration and cope with stress. In some situations, medication is also considered.
Summary
Hyperactivity is not merely an ‘excess of energy’, but a complex phenomenon that affects emotional, cognitive and social functioning. It can have various causes and symptoms, and its severity varies depending on life circumstances. Appropriate support, understanding and informed coping strategies can significantly improve quality of life and day-to-day functioning.
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Bibliography
- Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
- Brown, T. E. (2013). A New Understanding of ADHD in Children and Adults. Routledge.
- Kołakowski, A., Pisula, E. (2011). ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Gdańsk: GWP.
- Ogden, P., Minton, K., Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. New York: Norton.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC.
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